3. Maintaining currency:
  To maximize the efficiency of the database system, you must             keep your system current. Therefore, you must perform frequent      updates and apply the latest patches and security measures to all    components. Because database technology advances rapidly,          personnel training costs tend to be significant. Vendor                        dependence. Given the heavy investment in technology and personnel    training, companies might be reluctant to change database vendors. As a consequence, vendors are less likely to offer pricing    point advantages to existing customers, and those customers            might be limited in their choice of database system components.
4. Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles:
   DBMS vendors frequently upgrade their products by adding new      functionality. Such new features often come bundled in new              upgrade versions of the software. Some of these versions require    hardware upgrades. Not only do the upgrades themselves cost        money, but it also costs money to train database users and                administrators to properly use and manage the new features